Almaty has been experiencing persistently high levels of air pollution over the past decade. According to monitoring data, in nine out of ten years between 2015 and 2024, the city's air quality was classified as high for pollution.
The city’s location contributes to the issue. Almaty lies in a low-lying valley at the base of the Ile Alatau mountain range, where natural air circulation is limited. Winds from the mountains and valleys tend to trap pollutants, especially in the northern areas of the city. Unregulated large-scale urban development over the past 20 years has worsened the situation, with thick smog covering the city for over six months each year.
The main sources of air pollution in Almaty include emissions from vehicles, coal and wood burning in suburban homes, and thermal power plants. Vehicle exhaust releases harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. Private houses that rely on stoves for heating contribute significantly to the emission of particulate matter and gases. Although parts of the city have access to natural gas, the three main thermal power plants - TPP-1, TPP-2 and TPP-3 - still play a major role in pollution levels.
Kazhydromet, the state agency responsible for weather and climate monitoring, recorded an Air Pollution Index (API) of 7 to 8, considered high, between 2015 and 2016 and again from 2018 to 2021. In 2017, the API was slightly lower, at 5 to 6, indicating elevated levels. In 2022 and 2024, the Standard Index also showed a high level, while in 2023 the pollution was classified as very high. In 2024, there were 31,960 cases of pollutant concentrations exceeding the legal limit. These included nitrogen and carbon oxides, ozone, sulphur and nitrogen dioxides, as well as PM2.5 and PM10 particles.
Experts say that addressing the issue will require a comprehensive approach. Proposed measures include upgrading transport infrastructure, shifting to cleaner fuels, tightening emission controls at power plants and expanding gas access in suburban areas. Regular monitoring and public reporting on air quality are also seen as essential to reduce health risks.
Air pollution in Almaty is not only an environmental issue but also a social one, affecting the quality of life for millions of people. In 2025, new technologies and stricter environmental regulations are expected to be introduced in an effort to improve the situation.
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