Swiss voters decide whether to back a proposal to cap the country's population in a referendum likened to Britain's Brexit vote, which could have far-reaching consequences for the economy and Bern's relations with the European Union.
Driven by concern about immigration, pressure on public services and housing, the constitutional change pitched by the right-wing Swiss People's Party (SVP), would mandate that the population must not exceed 10 million by 2050.
Official projections put it on track to do so by the early 2040s.
The unprecedented scheme to dictate population levels by law sits alongside burgeoning efforts by the political right in Europe to set tougher curbs on immigration, fed by discontent about the cost of living, weak economic growth and crime.
"If it goes above 10 million, it will become tight, and immigration should be restricted," said Helen Gulea, a 58-year-old seamstress and part-time kiosk worker in Zurich.
Results of the vote are expected to begin coming in from around midday (1000 GMT).
If the proposal were adopted, reaching the 10 million mark would trigger a process that could make Switzerland scrap its free movement of labour agreement with the EU.
Switzerland's ageing population is already above 9 million and polls suggest public opinion is finely balanced.
A final survey this month showed opinion turning against the proposal. An earlier poll had suggested it could pass.
Under its system of direct democracy, the Swiss electorate generally votes four times a year on national referendums, which also require the support of the majority of its cantons to pass.
The government and parliament have urged voters to reject the SVP's so-called "sustainability initiative" as folly at a delicate time for Switzerland's export-oriented economy.
Last year, President Donald Trump slapped the highest U.S. tariffs in Europe on Swiss goods, and the prospect of a population curb could complicate corporate planning.
Weeks before Trump returned to power, Switzerland sealed a deal with Brussels to deepen economic integration with the EU.
That, and other agreements governing bilateral trade relations, could be cast into doubt by a population cap with free movement, a pillar of the EU single market.
Swiss voters have often rejected measures deemed harmful to the long-term interests of the economy, but that tendency has become less predictable.
In 2014, the voters bucked expectations by narrowly passing an SVP-backed proposal to curb EU immigration. Still, its impact was later diluted in the legislative process.
Even some SVP figures say the proposal is not meant to stop free movement, but to serve as a wake-up call.
"I don't want freedom of movement ended," said Heinz Taennler, an SVP politician and finance director of the canton of Zug. "Another million people can still immigrate to Switzerland, but the government needs to take action."
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