Ramadan begins across the Muslim world: What to know

Millions of Muslims around the world have begun observing Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and the most sacred period in Islam.

The start of Ramadan is marked by the sighting of the new crescent moon. This tradition of moon observation has been part of Islamic practice for centuries. Because sightings can vary by country, some nations began fasting on Wednesday (18 February), while others started a day later. This centuries-old tradition of lunar observation determines the beginning and end of the month each year.

Muslims believe Ramadan is the month in which the Qur'an was first revealed to the Prophet Muhammad more than 1,400 years ago. For that reason, the month holds deep spiritual meaning.

Why does the date change each year?

Ramadan follows the lunar calendar, not the Gregorian calendar used in most countries today. The lunar year is around 10 or 11 days shorter, so the date of Ramadan shifts each year. Over time, it rotates through all seasons.

The month begins when religious authorities or local observers confirm the sighting of the new crescent moon. Observers then begin a month of dawn to dusk fasting. 

Ramadan lasts either 29 or 30 days, depending on the moon cycle. It ends with Eid al-Fitr, a celebration marking the conclusion of the fast.

What does fasting involve?

During Ramadan, adult Muslims who are physically able fast each day from dawn until sunset. This means abstaining from food and drink - including water - during daylight hours. Smoking and marital relations are also avoided while fasting.

Before sunrise, families eat a pre-dawn meal called suhoor. At sunset, they break the fast with iftar. Traditionally, many begin iftar with dates and water, in keeping with religious practice

Children, the elderly, people who are ill, pregnant women and travellers are exempt from fasting. Those who cannot fast are often encouraged to perform alternative acts of charity instead.

While fasting is the most visible aspect, Ramadan is primarily about spiritual reflection and self-discipline. Muslims are encouraged to pray more, read the Qur'an and reflect on their behaviour. The month emphasises patience, generosity and empathy for those facing hardship.

Charity plays a central role. Giving to those in need is considered especially important during this time. Many people donate money, distribute food or volunteer in their communities.

What does it look like around the world?

In many countries, Ramadan transforms daily life. Working hours may be adjusted. Streets are decorated with lanterns and crescent lights and markets become busy in the evenings. Families gather nightly to share meals.

Despite differences in culture and geography, the structure of the month remains consistent across continents. Early mornings begin in darkness before dawn. Days are marked by fasting and routine work. Evenings bring communal meals and prayer.

For nearly a quarter of the world’s population, Ramadan is not only a religious duty but a shared experience. It is a month centred on faith, discipline, generosity and community - observed in diverse ways, yet united by common belief.

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