The landscape was full of giants, but the “perfect snack” 150 million years ago came from the smallest steps on the ground.
A reconstructed food web of the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry in southwestern Colorado suggests that baby and juvenile sauropods formed the most frequent prey for meat-eating dinosaurs 150 million years ago.
Scientists combined chemical analysis of tooth enamel, feeding-related scratches, biomechanical models and fossilised stomach contents to map out who ate whom in the late Jurassic ecosystem.
Sauropods dominated the landscape, with at least six species including Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, Supersaurus, Apatosaurus, Camarasaurus and Haplocanthosaurus.
Adults could reach colossal sizes, with Brachiosaurus weighing roughly 60 tons and Diplodocus stretching to around 30 metres.
But their hatchlings emerged from eggs only 30 centimetres wide and were left to fend for themselves.
“These sauropods would have been high in abundance compared to larger adult sauropods and were relatively defenceless and slow-moving, hence easy to catch and a perfect snack,” said paleontologist Cassius Morrison of University College London.
Ecologist Steven Allain of Anglia Ruskin University Writtle noted that protection came only with maturity.
“Adult sauropods relied on their enormous size, long tails and herd behaviour for protection. Unfortunately, this took time, meaning that the smaller individuals hadn't reached that ‘too big to mess with’ stage yet.”
The top theropods included Torvosaurus, Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Marshosaurus and Stokesosaurus. Although large, they still faced severe risks if attempting to bring down an adult sauropod.
“Hunting a healthy adult Brachiosaurus would have been an extremely daunting, high-risk task,” Allain said. “One well-placed tail swing or a simple sideways step could seriously injure or kill a predator.”
Predators therefore focused on juveniles, sick or injured adults, or animals trapped in mud, and also scavenged carcasses left by droughts or floods.
Dry Mesa’s fossil deposit, formed during a drought, preserved an unusually wide range of animals: sauropods, other herbivorous dinosaurs, five major theropods, pterosaurs, crocodyliforms, early mammals, reptiles, fish and insects.
“This deposit was made by a drought, so it’s one of the only places where you get everything, from small lizard-like animals to the largest dinosaurs,” Morrison said.
The surrounding landscape was dominated by open woodland populated by conifers, cycads, ferns and horsetails near rivers and shallow ponds that periodically dried out.
Researchers found more than 12,000 unique food chains within the modelled ecosystem, revealing a tightly linked network rather than a simple top-down predator hierarchy.
“Sauropods emerged from this analysis as central components of this network,” Allain said, underscoring how even the largest animals on Earth were deeply woven into the balance of Jurassic life.
An unknown projectile struck a tanker 68 nautical miles northeast of Saudi Arabia on Friday according to a report released by the United Kingdom Ma...
Russian strikes on Ukraine’s energy and water systems, combined with damaged homes and rising living costs, could force more people to flee t...
The AnewZ documentary “Counterpoint: Two Centuries of German-Azerbaijani Shared History” investigates the story of German settlers who ...
The U.S. has banned government employees working in Saudi Arabia from using airports in the country without special authorisation. It comes after a deadly Houthi strike on Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport killed at least 13 people last week.
U.S. President Donald Trump has called it “a disgrace” that Ukraine has resumed attacks on Russian oil refineries. Attacks are continuing from Russia and Ukraine as media reports say Ukraine has almost run out of Patriot interceptor missiles.
An unknown projectile struck a tanker 68 nautical miles northeast of Saudi Arabia on Friday according to a report released by the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) on Saturday.
Nationwide protests are set to begin in France on Saturday with students, trade unionists and remnants of the Yellow Vest movement expected to demonstrate against rising living costs amongst others.
Romanian rescuers resumed their search for seven missing sailors on Friday (16 October) after a drone strike set a chemical tanker ablaze near the country’s Black Sea coast. The attacks have raised fresh security concerns along a vital regional trade route.
Satellite restrictions affecting Ukraine's military have put SpaceX's Starshield network under scrutiny, raising questions about who controls the technology and who can restrict its use during wartime.
More than three centuries after the dodo disappeared from Mauritius, efforts to bring the iconic bird back from extinction are taking a new step forward.
Hackers forced the temperature of fridges and freezers in hundreds of French supermarkets up to 50 degrees Celsius overnight, causing fires and food losses in what the Paris Prosecutor’s Office described as a “large-scale” attack.
A software engineer employed by OpenAI has been arrested and charged by U.S. authorities after investigators alleged he secretly placed a concealed recording device inside an executive conference room at the artificial intelligence company.
NASA's Perseverance rover has set a new driving record on Mars, travelling 45.2 kilometres since landing in 2021 and surpassing every other robotic vehicle to explore a world beyond Earth, the U.S. space agency said on Tuesday.
You can download the AnewZ application from Play Store and the App Store.
What is your opinion on this topic?
Leave the first comment