Prime Minister Keir Starmer has launched a major defence overhaul to prepare Britain for modern threats, but experts warn that the lack of clear funding raises doubts about its viability.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer has announced the most significant overhaul of the UK's defence strategy since the Cold War, unveiling plans to strengthen the nation's military capabilities in response to rising global threats. The new Strategic Defence Review (SDR) outlines a broad expansion of the armed forces and increased investments in cutting-edge technologies, but it has also triggered a wave of criticism over its financial feasibility.

The SDR aims to expand the British Army to 100,000 personnel, commission up to 12 new nuclear-powered submarines, and invest heavily in artificial intelligence, drones, and cyber defence capabilities. A new Cyber and Electromagnetic Command will also be established to counter emerging digital threats.

Starmer pledged to raise defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027, with an “ambition” to reach 3% during the next Parliament. However, critics argue that the absence of a firm timeline for the 3% target raises questions about the government’s commitment. Defence experts and political opponents warn that without secured and sustainable funding, the ambitious proposals risk remaining unrealised.

Paul Johnson, director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, cautioned that the scale of planned investment may necessitate significant tax increases unless offset by spending cuts elsewhere. “You cannot boost defence at this scale without either cutting other areas or raising taxes,” Johnson said.

Opposition MPs have called the review an “empty wish list,” expressing concern that the Labour government is making promises it may struggle to deliver. They point out that previous defence reviews also set high aspirations that later had to be scaled back due to budget constraints.

Despite the criticism, the government maintains that all 62 recommendations of the review will be implemented and insists that the UK must be prepared for the shifting security landscape shaped by Russia, China, and the rise of state-based threats.

The SDR marks a clear pivot in the UK’s defence posture, with Starmer stating: “We must be battle-ready in a world that is increasingly unstable.” Still, without detailed financial planning, the success of the strategy remains uncertain.

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