Ancient city dating back 3,500 years discovered in Peru

Archaeologists in Peru have uncovered the remains of a 3,500-year-old city in the country’s northern Barranca province, shedding new light on trade and settlement patterns in early South American civilisations.

The site, named Peñico, is believed to have been an important trading hub linking the Pacific coast with communities in the Andes and Amazon basin. It lies about 200 kilometres north of Lima and 600 metres above sea level.

Researchers say the city was founded between 1,800 and 1,500 BC — around the same time early civilisations were developing in regions such as Mesopotamia, Egypt and China.

Drone images show circular structures on hillside terraces, surrounded by stone and mud buildings. Excavations over the past eight years have revealed 18 structures, including temples and residential areas. Ceremonial items, clay sculptures and shell-bead necklaces were also found.

Peñico is located near the ancient city of Caral, considered the oldest known civilisation in the Americas, dating back 5,000 years. Experts believe the new discovery may help explain how the Caral society evolved after facing climate challenges.

Archaeologist Ruth Shady, who led the research, said Peñico held a strategic position that connected coastal, highland and jungle communities. Marco Machacuay from Peru’s Ministry of Culture said the city likely represents a continuation of the Caral tradition.

Peru is home to many key archaeological sites, including Machu Picchu and the Nazca Lines.

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